Poster

About Javanese

Javanese is a language spoken by people in the central and eastern parts of the island of Java, in Indonesia. It belongs to the Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) language family. More than 75,500,000 of people are natives user of Javanese, and in Indonesia it has several regional dialects that have differences in many words and dialect. For example, Javanese in Tegal, a district in Central Java is different from Javanese in Pekalongan, even though both of them are located in the same province. Like for ‘hungry’, in Javasene in Tegal is ‘kencot’, while in Javanese in Pekalongan it is ‘ngelih’.

In Javanese, there are three levels of languages that we use for conversation. There are Ngoko, Kromo Madya, and Kromo Inggil. According to Javanese culture, the way of speaking to someone younger is different than to someone older. We use Ngoko to talk to our friend and whoever who are younger than us. To talk to somebody whom we respect or to stangers we use Kromo Madya. And, we use Kromo Inggil to talk to our parent and some people in important positions. Kromo Inggil is used as well for some ceremonies in formal situations like wedding parties.

Pekalongan Dialect

There are regional dialects of Javanese that have differences in words and accents, which are Banten, Lor-Kulon, Manuk, Cerbon, Kulon-Tengah, Sundha Lor-Wetan, Wettanan, and Osing. In this project I am focusing on Javanese that is spoken in the northern coastal area of Central Java, particularly in Pekalongan. 

Pekalongan dialect or people say Ngkalongan dialect is spoken by people who live in west part of Tegal, east part of Weleri, and south part of Kendeng Mountain. Although, it is classified into Wetanan dialect, still it has different words and accents. This dialect also different from Kulon Tengah dialect in terms of accent, tone, and words. 

The characteristic of Ngkalongan dialect can be distinguished from:

• Unlike Kulon Tengah dialect, Ngkalongan dialect is more flat meaning that it does not has stressing sound in the end of the word. For example, in speaking bae (only), nyong (I), manjing (entering), kaya kuwe (it’s like that), Ngkalongan dialect says bae, nyong, manjing, kaya kuwe. However, Kulon Tengah dialect is like putting sound ‘k’ in the end of vocal syllable. For example, bae becomes bae-k, kaya kuwe becomes kaya-k kuwe-k.
• The last sound of each word in Ngkalongan dialect is somehow waving, and it has a certain rhyme. 
• Ngkalongan dialect use ho, si, ri, ra, po'o, ha'ah pok, lha, ye as complementary sound in speaking. Although they no have a particular meaning but each sound has different use. For example, ho in ora ho … (no ho). It is like “pause” before moving to the next words.
• Ngkalongan dialect often use pak (want), while Wetanan Javanese say arep (want). It is only known and used in Pekalongan. For example, nyong pak mangan (aku arep mangan; I want to eat).

The special phrases

Pekalongan Dialect	Wetanan Dialect	Bahasa Indonesia	English
Yo wis kokuwi po’o ra	Yo wis, koyo kuwi wae	Ya sudah, begitu saja	That’s okay
Ta’ndangka’i lanang jebolno’o wedok	Ta’arani lanang jebolno wedok	Saya kira laki-laki, ternyata perempuan	I thought that he is man, but in fact she is woman
Wallahi, temenan po’o nyong ra ngapusi, yakin	Sumpah, tenan aku ora ngapusi, yakin	Sumpah, saya tidak bohong, yakin	Swear, I am not lie, sure!
Nyong pak beli ho, wis sayah	Aku balik sik yo, wis kesel	Saya pulang ya, sudah capek	I am going home, I am tired
Pa’ora si	Ben wae	Biarkan saja	Let it

Casual Conversation: Pekalongan Dialect Javanese Ngoko Javanese Madya Javanese Kromo How are you Priye kabare Priye kabare Kados pundi kabaripun I am fine Nyong apik-apik wae Aku apik-apik wae Dalem sae kemawon Where are you going Lha kowe pak ring ndi sih? Lha awakmu pak ring ndi sih? Njenengan bade tindak pundi I am going home Nyong pak beli ge Aku pak mulih ge Dalem bade wangsul Okay, take care Yo wis, sing ati-ati Yo wis, sing ati-ati Inggih sampun, ngatos-atos nggih

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The Phrases

This is the voice of me speaking in Ngkalongan dialect. It sounds like unnatural, but well I have tried my best :))

The Casual Conversation

I recorded my voice speaking in Ngkalongan dialect. Hope, someday I can record a natural conversation that is better than this :))

Orthography

Orthography is the set of symbols used in one language,
and the rules about how to write these symbols.

Working Orthography	Example Words	IPA
a	ati "liver"	/a/
b	buri "back side"	/mb/
b	bosok "over wrap"	/bʰ/
c	cetho "clear"	/ts/
d	delik "hide"	/nd/
dh	godhong "leaf"	/t̪/
d	wedi "sand"	/t/
é	kere "poor"	/e/
e	keno "able"	/ə
g	onggo-onggo "spider"	/g/
h	pejah "die"	/h/
i	iwak "fish"	/i/
j	nujes "to grab"	/tʃ/
k	kali "river"	/k/
l	lali "forget"	/l/
m	mangan "eat"	/m/
ng	ngadek "stand"	/ŋ/
n	naleni "to fasten"	/n/
o	mengko "later"	/o/
o	olo "bad"	/ɔ/
p	peksi "bird"	/p/
r	radosan "street"	/r/
s	selo "stone"	/s/
t	tekan "arrive"	/t̪/
th	kethul "dull"	/ʈ/
u	umah "house"	/u/
w	wono "forest"	/w/
y	wayah "grandson"	/j/

Word List 1

This is a small dictionary of Javanese-English words. The Javanese words are divided into three different levels: ngoko. krama madya, and krama inggil. Some words have these three level, but other don't have.

	PART OF THE BODY	NGOKO	KRAMA MADYA	KRAMA INGGIL
1	Hand	tangan	tangan	Asto
2	Left	kiwo
3	Right	Tengen
4	Leg/foot	sikil	suku	Ampean
5	Skin	kulit
6	Back	buri	wingking	Pengkeran
7	Belly/stomach	weteng	weteng	Padharan
8	Bone	balung	balung	tosan
9	Intestines
10	Liver	ati	manah	Penggalih
11	Lungs	paru-paru
12	Breast	susu	susu	Prembayun
13	Shoulder	pundhak	pundhak	Pamidangan
14	Blood	getih	rah	Rah
15	Head	endhas	sirah	Mustaka
16	Neck	gulu	gulu	Jangga
17	Hair (hair or body)	rambut	rambut	Rema/rikma
18	Nose	irung	irung	Grana
19	Mouth	cangkem	cangkem	Tutuk
20	Tooth	untu	untu	Waja
21	Tongue	ilat	ilat	Lidhah
22	Eye	mata	mripat	Paningal/soca
23	ear	kuping	kuping	talingan
	VERBS OF THE BODY	NGOKO	KRAMA MADYA	KRAMA INGGIL
24	To drink	ngombe	nginum	Ngunjuk
25	To spit	idu	idu	Kecoh
26	To eat	mangan	nedha	Dhahar
27	To chew	mamah
28	To breathe	Ambegan
29	To smell	ngambu
30	To laugh	guyu	gujeng	Gujeng
31	To cry to weep	nangis	Nangis/ mular	muwun
32	To vomit/to throw up	Nglepeh
33	To bite	Nyokot
34	To hear	ngrungoake	mirengake	Midangetake
35	To see	ndelok	ningali	Mirsani
36	To yawn	Angop
37	To sleep	turu	tilem	Sare/nendra
	FAMILY TERMS	NGOKO	KRAMA MADYA	KRAMA INGGIL
38	Person/human being	wong	tiang	Tiang
39	Man/male	lanang	Jaler	kakung
40	Woman/female	wadon	estri	Estri
41	Child	bocah	bocah	Lare
42	Husband	bojo	semah	Garwa
43	Wife	bojo	semah	Garwa
44	Mother	Biyung
45	Father	bapak	bapak	Rama
46	name	aran	nama	asma
	VERBS OF ACTION/WORK	NGOKO	KRAMA MADYA	KRAMA INGGIL
47	To walk	mlaku	mlampah	Tindak
48	To swim	Nglangi
49	To know	Ngerti
50	To think	mikir	manah	Nggalih
51	To fear	wedi	ajrih	Ajrih
52	To cook	Masak
53	To sit	lungguh	lenggah	Pinarak
54	To stand	ngadeg	ngadeg	Jumeneng
55	To lie down	turonan	tileman	Sarean
56	To climb	Menek
57	To say	omong	crios	Ngendika
58	To tie up / to fasten	naleni	naleni	Nangsuli
59	To sew	Ndondomi
60	To hunt	Mburu
61	To shoot	Nembak
62	To stab/to pierce	Nujes
63	To hit	Ngantem
64	To kill	mateni	mejahi	Nyedani
65	To die / to be dead	mati	pejah	Seda
66	To live/to be alive	urip	gesang	Sugeng
67	To scratch	Kukurkukur
68	To cut / to hack	nugel	motong	Motong
69	To work	Nyambutgawe	makarya	Makarya
70	To plant	nandur	nanem	nanem
71	To choose	Milih
72	To grow	thukul	tuwuh	Tuwuh
73	To squeeze	Meres
74	To hold	cekel	cepeng	asta
75	To dig	Ngeruk
76	To open	bukak	mbikak	Mbikak
77	To throw	buwang	bucal	kendhang
	EVERYDAY OBJECTS	NGOKO	KRAMA MADYA	KRAMA INGGIL
78	Road/path	dalan	radinan	Margi
79	House	omah	griya	Dalem
80	Roof/thatch	Empyak
81	Rope	tali	tangsul	tangsul
82	Needle	bolah	benang	Benang
83	stick	Tuding
	ANIMALS	NGOKO	KRAMA MADYA	KRAMA INGGIL
84	Animal	Kewan
85	Bird	manuk	peksi	peksi
86	Dog	asu	segawon	Segawon
87	Egg	endog	tigan	Tigan
88	Feather	Wulu
89	Wing	Sewiwi
90	Rat	Curut
91	Meat/flesh	Daging
92	Tail	Buntut
93	Pig	celeng	andhapan	Andhapan
94	Worm/earthworm	Cacing
95	Louse	Tuma
96	Mosquito	Nyamuk
97	Snake	ula	sawer	Sawer
98	Spider	Onggo-onggo
99	fish	iwak	ulam	Ulam
	NATURAL OBJECTS AND PHENOMENA	NGOKO	KRAMA MADYA	KRAMA INGGIL
100	Branch	Pang
101	Leaf	godhong	ron	ron
102	Root	Oyot
103	Flower	kembang	sekar	Sekar
104	Fruit	Woh
105	Grass	suket	rumput	Rumput
106	Earth/soil	lemah	siti	Siti
107	Stone	Watu	sela	Sela
108	Sand	Wedhi
109	Water	banyu	toya	Toya
110	Sea	segara	seganten	Seganten
111	Salt	uyah	sarem	Sarem
112	Woods/forest/jungle	alas	wana	Wana
113	Sky	Langit
114	Moon	Rembulan
115	Star	Lintang
116	Cloud	Mega
117	Sun	srengenge	surya	Bagaswara
118	Rain	udan	jawah	Jawah
119	Thunder	Gludhug
120	Lightning
121	Wind	Angin
122	Fire	geni	latu	Latu
123	Smoke	Pego
124	Night	wengi	dalu	Dalu
125	day	awan	awan	rino
	ADJECTIVES	NGOKO	KRAMA MADYA	KRAMA INGGIL
126	Dirty	reget
127	Clean	Resik
128	Sharp	Landhep
129	Dull	Kethul
130	Warm	Anget
131	Cold	Adem
132	Small	cilik	alit	Alit
133	Big	gedhe	ageng	Ageng
134	Short	cendhek	andhap	Andhap
135	Long	dowo	panjang	Panjang
136	Thin	Tipis
137	Thick	Kandel
138	Narrow	Ciut
139	Wide	ombo	wiar	Wiar
140	Black	ireng	cemeng	Cemeng
141	White	Putih	pethak	Pethak
142	Red	Abang	Abrit	abrit
143	Yellow	Kuning
144	Green	Ijo	ijem	Ijem
145	Painful/sick	Loro	sakit	Gerah
146	Old (object)	Tuwo	lawas	Lami
147	New	Anyar	enggal	Enggal
148	Good	Apik	sae	Sae
149	Bad	Elek	awon	Awon
150	Correct / true	Bener	leres	kasinggihan