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Thursday, November 3, 2011

About Javanese


Javanese is a language spoken by people in the central and eastern parts of the island of Java, in Indonesia. It belongs to the Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) language family. More than 75,500,000 of people are natives user of Javanese, and in Indonesia it has several regional dialects that have differences in many words and dialect. For example, Javanese in Tegal, a district in Central Java is different from Javanese in Pekalongan, even though both of them are located in the same province. Like for ‘hungry’, in Javasene in Tegal is ‘kencot’, while in Javanese in Pekalongan it is ‘ngelih’.

In Javanese, there are three levels of languages that we use for conversation. There are Ngoko, Kromo Madya, and Kromo Inggil. According to Javanese culture, the way of speaking to someone younger is different than to someone older. We use Ngoko to talk to our friend and whoever who are younger than us. To talk to somebody whom we respect or to stangers we use Kromo Madya. And, we use Kromo Inggil to talk to our parent and some people in important positions. Kromo Inggil is used as well for some ceremonies in formal situations like wedding parties.

Pekalongan Dialect

There are regional dialects of Javanese that have differences in words and accents, which are Banten, Lor-Kulon, Manuk, Cerbon, Kulon-Tengah, Sundha Lor-Wetan, Wettanan, and Osing. In this project I am focusing on Javanese that is spoken in the northern coastal area of Central Java, particularly in Pekalongan. 
Pekalongan dialect or people say Ngkalongan dialect is spoken by people who live in west part of Tegal, east part of Weleri, and south part of Kendeng Mountain. Although, it is classified into Wetanan dialect, still it has different words and accents. This dialect also different from Kulon Tengah dialect in terms of accent, tone, and words. 
The characteristic of Ngkalongan dialect can be distinguished from:
  • Unlike Kulon Tengah dialect, Ngkalongan dialect is more flat meaning that it does not has stressing sound in the end of the word. For example, in speaking bae (only), nyong (I), manjing (entering), kaya kuwe (it’s like that), Ngkalongan dialect says bae, nyong, manjing, kaya kuwe. However, Kulon Tengah dialect is like putting sound ‘k’ in the end of vocal syllable. For example, bae becomes bae-k, kaya kuwe becomes kaya-k kuwe-k.
  • The last sound of each word in Ngkalongan dialect is somehow waving, and it has a certain rhyme. 
  • Ngkalongan dialect use ho, si, ri, ra, po'o, ha'ah pok, lha, ye as complementary sound in speaking. Although they no have a particular meaning but each sound has different use. For example, ho in ora ho … (no ho). It is like “pause” before moving to the next words.
  • Ngkalongan dialect often use pak (want), while Wetanan Javanese say arep (want). It is only known and used in Pekalongan. For example, nyong pak mangan (aku arep mangan; I want to eat).
The special phrases


Pekalongan Dialect
Wetanan Dialect
Bahasa Indonesia
English
Yo wis kokuwi po’o ra
Yo wis, koyo kuwi wae
Ya sudah, begitu saja
That’s okay
Ta’ndangka’i lanang jebolno’o wedok
Ta’arani lanang jebolno wedok
Saya kira laki-laki, ternyata perempuan
I thought that he is man, but in fact she is woman
Wallahi, temenan po’o nyong ra ngapusi, yakin
Sumpah, tenan aku ora ngapusi, yakin
Sumpah, saya tidak bohong, yakin
Swear, I am not lie, sure!
Nyong pak beli ho, wis sayah
Aku balik sik yo, wis kesel
Saya pulang ya, sudah capek
I am going home, I am tired
Pa’ora si
Ben wae
Biarkan saja
Let it

















Casual Conversation:


Pekalongan Dialect
Javanese Ngoko
Javanese Madya
Javanese Kromo
How are you
Priye kabare
Priye kabare
Kados pundi kabaripun
I am fine
Nyong apik-apik wae
Aku apik-apik wae
Dalem sae kemawon
Where are you going
Lha kowe pak ring ndi sih?
Lha awakmu pak ring ndi sih?
Njenengan bade tindak pundi
I am going home
Nyong pak beli ge
Aku pak mulih ge
Dalem bade wangsul
Okay, take care
Yo wis, sing ati-ati
Yo wis, sing ati-ati
Inggih sampun, ngatos-atos nggih











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The Phrases

This is the voice of me speaking in Ngkalongan dialect. It sounds like unnatural, but well I have tried my best :))

The Casual Conversation

I recorded my voice speaking in Ngkalongan dialect. Hope, someday I can record a natural conversation that is better than this :))

Wednesday, November 2, 2011

Orthography

Orthography is the set of symbols used in one language,
and the rules about how to write these symbols.


Working Orthography Example Words IPA    
a ati "liver" /a/
b buri "back side" /mb/
b bosok "over wrap" /bʰ/
c cetho "clear" /ts/
d delik "hide" /nd/
dh godhong "leaf" /t̪/
d wedi "sand" /t/
é kere "poor" /e/
e keno "able"
g onggo-onggo "spider" /g/
h pejah "die" /h/
i iwak "fish" /i/
j nujes "to grab" /tʃ/
k kali "river" /k/
l lali "forget" /l/
m mangan "eat" /m/
ng ngadek "stand" /ŋ/
n naleni "to fasten" /n/
o mengko "later" /o/
o olo "bad" /ɔ/
p peksi "bird" /p/
r radosan "street" /r/
s selo "stone" /s/
t tekan "arrive" /t̪/
th kethul "dull" /ʈ/
u umah "house" /u/
w wono "forest" /w/
y wayah "grandson" /j/

Word List 1

This is a small dictionary of Javanese-English words. The Javanese words are divided into three different levels: ngoko. krama madya, and krama inggil. Some words have these three level, but other don't have.


PART OF THE BODYNGOKOKRAMA MADYAKRAMA INGGIL
1 Hand tangan tangan Asto
2 Left kiwo

3 Right Tengen

4 Leg/foot sikil suku Ampean
5 Skin kulit

6 Back buri wingking Pengkeran
7 Belly/stomach weteng weteng Padharan
8 Bone balung balung tosan
9 Intestines


10 Liver ati manah Penggalih
11 Lungs paru-paru

12 Breast susu susu Prembayun
13 Shoulder pundhak pundhak Pamidangan
14 Blood getih rah Rah
15 Head endhas sirah Mustaka
16 Neck gulu gulu Jangga
17 Hair (hair or body) rambut rambut Rema/rikma
18 Nose irung irung Grana
19 Mouth cangkem cangkem Tutuk
20 Tooth untu untu Waja
21 Tongue ilat ilat Lidhah
22 Eye mata mripat Paningal/soca
23 ear kuping kuping talingan






VERBS OF THE BODY NGOKO KRAMA MADYA KRAMA INGGIL
24 To drink ngombe nginum Ngunjuk
25 To spit idu idu Kecoh
26 To eat mangan nedha Dhahar
27 To chew mamah

28 To breathe Ambegan

29 To smell ngambu

30 To laugh guyu gujeng Gujeng
31 To cry to weep nangis Nangis/ mular muwun
32 To vomit/to throw up Nglepeh

33 To bite Nyokot

34 To hear ngrungoake mirengake Midangetake
35 To see ndelok ningali Mirsani
36 To yawn Angop

37 To sleep turu tilem Sare/nendra






FAMILY TERMS NGOKO KRAMA MADYA KRAMA INGGIL
38 Person/human being wong tiang Tiang
39 Man/male lanang Jaler kakung
40 Woman/female wadon estri Estri
41 Child bocah bocah Lare
42 Husband bojo semah Garwa
43 Wife bojo semah Garwa
44 Mother Biyung

45 Father bapak bapak Rama
46 name aran nama asma






VERBS OF ACTION/WORK NGOKO KRAMA MADYA KRAMA INGGIL
47 To walk mlaku mlampah Tindak
48 To swim Nglangi

49 To know Ngerti

50 To think mikir manah Nggalih
51 To fear wedi ajrih Ajrih
52 To cook Masak

53 To sit lungguh lenggah Pinarak
54 To stand ngadeg ngadeg Jumeneng
55 To lie down turonan tileman Sarean
56 To climb Menek

57 To say omong crios Ngendika
58 To tie up / to fasten naleni naleni Nangsuli
59 To sew Ndondomi

60 To hunt Mburu

61 To shoot Nembak

62 To stab/to pierce Nujes

63 To hit Ngantem

64 To kill mateni mejahi Nyedani
65 To die / to be dead mati pejah Seda
66 To live/to be alive urip gesang Sugeng
67 To scratch Kukurkukur

68 To cut / to hack nugel motong Motong
69 To work Nyambutgawe makarya Makarya
70 To plant nandur nanem nanem
71 To choose Milih

72 To grow thukul tuwuh Tuwuh
73 To squeeze Meres

74 To hold cekel cepeng asta
75 To dig Ngeruk

76 To open bukak mbikak Mbikak
77 To throw buwang bucal kendhang






EVERYDAY OBJECTS NGOKO KRAMA MADYA KRAMA INGGIL
78 Road/path dalan radinan Margi
79 House omah griya Dalem
80 Roof/thatch Empyak

81 Rope tali tangsul tangsul
82 Needle bolah benang Benang
83 stick Tuding







ANIMALS NGOKO KRAMA MADYA KRAMA INGGIL
84 Animal Kewan

85 Bird manuk peksi peksi
86 Dog asu segawon Segawon
87 Egg endog tigan Tigan
88 Feather Wulu

89 Wing Sewiwi

90 Rat Curut

91 Meat/flesh Daging

92 Tail Buntut

93 Pig celeng andhapan Andhapan
94 Worm/earthworm Cacing

95 Louse Tuma

96 Mosquito Nyamuk

97 Snake ula sawer Sawer
98 Spider Onggo-onggo
99 fish iwak ulam Ulam






NATURAL OBJECTS AND PHENOMENA NGOKO KRAMA MADYA KRAMA INGGIL
100 Branch Pang

101 Leaf godhong ron ron
102 Root Oyot

103 Flower kembang sekar Sekar
104 Fruit Woh

105 Grass suket rumput Rumput
106 Earth/soil lemah siti Siti
107 Stone Watu sela Sela
108 Sand Wedhi

109 Water banyu toya Toya
110 Sea segara seganten Seganten
111 Salt uyah sarem Sarem
112 Woods/forest/jungle alas wana Wana
113 Sky Langit

114 Moon Rembulan

115 Star Lintang

116 Cloud Mega

117 Sun srengenge surya Bagaswara
118 Rain udan jawah Jawah
119 Thunder Gludhug

120 Lightning


121 Wind Angin

122 Fire geni latu Latu
123 Smoke Pego

124 Night wengi dalu Dalu
125 day awan awan rino






ADJECTIVES NGOKO KRAMA MADYA KRAMA INGGIL
126 Dirty reget

127 Clean Resik

128 Sharp Landhep

129 Dull Kethul

130 Warm Anget

131 Cold Adem

132 Small cilik alit Alit
133 Big gedhe ageng Ageng
134 Short cendhek andhap Andhap
135 Long dowo panjang Panjang
136 Thin Tipis

137 Thick Kandel

138 Narrow Ciut

139 Wide ombo wiar Wiar
140 Black ireng cemeng Cemeng
141 White Putih pethak Pethak
142 Red Abang Abrit abrit
143 Yellow Kuning

144 Green Ijo ijem Ijem
145 Painful/sick Loro sakit Gerah
146 Old (object) Tuwo lawas Lami
147 New Anyar enggal Enggal
148 Good Apik sae Sae
149 Bad Elek awon Awon
150 Correct / true Bener leres kasinggihan